Tupac and Machiavelli in light of the Geopolitics of The World Wide Mind

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30403 Huni Kim

Tupac and Machiavelli were both similar in the way in that they were genuine masterminds of their own generations in their own specialized fields. Of course, because Machiavelli was active in the middle ages, while Tupac was in the late 20th century era, the two have a long separation between each other in terms of time difference. However, Tupac respected Machiavelli and the influence he had upon the Aristocratic society. For this reason, one of Tupac’s rap stage names was Makaveli, a variation of the name Machiavelli itself.

 

The following are excerpts regarding Tupac and Machiavelli from Wikipedia.

 

Tupac Amaru Shakur (/ˈtuːpɑːk ʃəˈkʊər/ too-pahk shə-koor; born Lesane Parish Crooks; June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor. As of 2007, Shakur has sold over 75 million records worldwide. His double disc albums All Eyez on Me and his Greatest Hits are among the best selling albums in the United States. He has been listed and ranked as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone which ranked him 86th on its list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest rappers ever, as well as one of the most influential rappers of all time.

Shakur began his career as a roadie, backup dancer, and MC for the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground, eventually branching off as a solo artist. The themes of most of Shakur’s songs revolved around the violence and hardship in inner cities, racism, and other social problems. Both of his parents and several other people in his family were members of the Black Panther Party, whose ideals were reflected in his songs. During the latter part of his career, Shakur was a vocal participant during the East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry, becoming involved in conflicts with other rappers, producers, and record-label staff members, most notably The Notorious B.I.G. and the label Bad Boy Records.

On September 7, 1996, Shakur was murdered in a drive-by shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas, Nevada. He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, where he died six days later.

 

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (Italian: [nikkoˈlɔ mmakjaˈvɛlli]; 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer. He has often been called the founder of modern political science. He was for many years a senior official in the Florentine Republic, with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He also wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry. His personal correspondence is renowned in the Italian language. He was secretary to the Second Chancery of the Republic of Florence from 1498 to 1512, when the Medici were out of power. He wrote his most renowned work The Prince (Il Principe) in 1513.

Machiavellianism” is a widely used negative term to characterize unscrupulous politicians of the sort Machiavelli described most famously in The Prince. Machiavelli described immoral behavior, such as dishonesty and killing innocents, as being normal and effective in politics. He even seemed to endorse it in some situations. The book itself gained notoriety when some readers claimed that the author was teaching evil, and providing “evil recommendations to tyrants to help them maintain their power. The term “Machiavellian” is often associated with political deceit, deviousness, and realpolitik. On the other hand, many commentators, such as Baruch Spinoza, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Denis Diderot, have argued that Machiavelli was actually a republican, even when writing The Prince, and his writings were an inspiration to Enlightenment proponents of modern democratic political philosophy.

 

Though both Tupac and Machiavelli have passed away (Tupac quite unfortunately would have still been alive if it wasn’t for his murder), the influences they made during the societies of their own times was extraordinary. For me, they have both shown the greatest respect both as artists and cuturalists.

Artificial Intelligence & Answers Regarding the 10 Questions

Artificial Intelligence & Answers Regarding the 10 Questions

30403 Huni Kim

 

  1. Reconsider:  Do we have a built in core of morality at birth (however minimal)?

-Yes, all people have a certain level of morality built in at the start of birth. Such a factor is already justified through many scientific research, studies, and reports. Though it is portrayed through the smallest portion possible, I believe that all humans are born with a built-in sense of morality at birth.

 

*  2.  Need we be concerned about Strong Artificial Intelligence (evolving, gaining such self-aware consciousness)?

 

Not yet. In the movie I Robot, artificial intelligence has developed up to a stage where robots run around cities and take over the gruesome work done originally done by humans. At that state, humans should worry about artificial intelligence, but in our current world, it is not needed. As progress develops, our concern towards the field of study should be alerted.

 

*  3.  Will the The Three Laws inevitably lead to a Vicki?   Even so, would that end be good or not?

 

http://richardcoyne.com/2015/11/21/the-hermeneutical-intractability-of-asimovs-three-laws-of-robotics/

 

… Hans-Georg Gadamer makes the case for the primacy of application over slavish implementation of rules: “Application is neither a subsequent nor a merely occasional part of the phenomenon of understanding, but codetermines it as a whole from the beginning” (285). “Understanding” is a more cogent human capability to deal with than “intelligence.” I don’t think there’s as yet a research program based on artificial understanding (AU). But that is what would be required to realize humanoid robots of the kind envisage in science fiction. In so far as human behavior is influenced at all by rules, it’s in their application that understanding arises. To understand, which is to say, to be human, is to be in the world, in community, at work or play, engaged and interacting, and there are no rules for that.

 

 

Before answering this question, I read the article from Richard Coyne, and I figured that the three laws of robotics, which are implemented before every robot is made, is essential in regulating the extreme actions that artificial intelligence could trigger on. The three laws do not have any direct relation to Vicki. The development of artificial intelligence would lead to “Vicki” as shown in the movie, but I don’t necessarily view it as good. Rather, I take on a neutral stand.

 

*  4.  Can we, should we shift from AI research and development to AU research and development?

 

Artificial intelligence is the key source of scientific development that is highly anticipated in the future. Why? Because it has a direct relationship to humanity itself. Take for instance, if AI was to develop up to a stage where robots take over the workplaces of humans, then we would be concerned. But as of right now, artificial intelligence is still at it’s development stage. Why should we care about artificial universe, when we are still at the early steps of artificial intelligence?

 

*  5. We need to expand the list of Fundamentals?

 

Before answering the question, I bring up a part of context given from Mr. Johnson in the email:

 

Regarding this subject,

Chalmers suggests that two crazy ideas may have promise towards understanding Consciousness:

1.) Consciousness is Fundamental? / fundamental laws ensue, if yes.

2.) Consciousness is Universal?   Not that everything is intelligent, thinking — but contain some primitive, raw subjective feeling-precursor to consciousness

 

“Pan-Psychism”

Every system is “conscious” at varying degrees.

Information processing correlated to consciousness (complex to simple correlation)

Mathematical formula — “phi” quotient — to qualify/quantify Information-Integration  against consciousness.

The higher the “phi” the higher the “consciousness”…

 

High degree of I Integration High ‘phi’

high phi, high consciousness

low phi, low consciousness

 

The important part of fundamentals, no matter what the regarding subject, is that it is always concise and clear, but also carries on a deep meaning. In this case, I believe that there is a need to expand the list of Fundamentals. From the article written by Mr. Chalmers, he states that consciousness is fundamental, and I totally agree. Consciousness is absolutely needed in our lives, and without it, our lives would be totally unfulfilled. In that context, the list of fundamentals should be expanded to the factors in live that are absolutely necessary, such as love, altruism, and unselfishness.

 

* 6.  Physics, being abstract… is describing the flux of consciousness?  (but not the “why” of consciousness…)

 

Physics, as in the specific field of study in natural sciences, is not subject enough in order to explain the flux of consciousness. It can go on to define the flux of magnetism, electricity, and other non-subjective, factual material, but consciousness is on a different level. Because it differs from person to person, there is not exact definition able to be given. That is why physics is unable to describe the flux of consciousness.

 

* 7.  Human / Trans-human / Post-human:  Are we all in this together?  … for the Good of All?

 

If the question is concerning towards the study of artificial intelligence, I absolutely agree. If we worry about the negative results that could come along with the development of artificial intelligence, we will not be able to go forward and just remain in the present. Even if it is not for the good of all, it is certainly good for the sake of science and curiosity, and I believe that is sufficient enough to justify the actions of the development of artificial intelligence.

 

 

* 8.  AlphaGo Intuitive?  Should we be concerned?

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/31/google-alphago-deepmind-artificial-intelligence-intuititive

 

Checking out the article from “The Guardian”, and as a Korean myself, I am deeply aware of the fact that AlphaGo beat the Baduk player Lee Se Dol. However, I am sure that there is no concern needed. This is just a board game artificial intelligence has beaten humanity. When it goes to fields where active motion is required, artificial intelligence is not able to take over the strengths humans have.

 

* 9.  Metaphysically or Physically Based?   Preceded Humanity?  Evolved with Humanity, and thus will too with AI?

 

Artificial intelligence takes over a mental form. AI is not physically based. It is solely a concept that depends upon networking, virtual systems. A result of artificial intelligence may be physical, such as robots. However, the core inside is made up of sources and codes, which is all virtually designed. With the evolution of humanity, artificial intelligence will too evolve as well.

 

* 10.  Conclusion:  Where are you?

 

Where am I: Well, I am standing at a point where my opinion towards artificial intelligence is divided in to two parts. One part is saying how AI will benefit mankind and society as well, making our lives much easier. The other part is saying how it will bring up negative factors such as in I Robot, where robots take superiority over humans. My stand is that developing science is always a good thing, but if it comes to reach the point where it may harm humanity, it should be stopped.

 

For example:

http://www.acceler8or.com/2011/12/will-joel-garreau-jamais-cascio-prevail-along-with-the-rest-of-us/

https://ikot1201.wordpress.com/2013/06/24/critical-reading-blog-entryradical-evolution-by-joel-garreau/

 

MLA Format Citation

 

Naughton, John. “Can Google’s AlphaGo Really Feel It in Its Algorithms? | John Naughton.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 2016. Web. 20 Mar. 2016.

 

“The Hermeneutical Intractability of Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics.” Reflections on Technology Media Culture. 2015. Web. 20 Mar. 2016.

 

“Critical Reading Blog Entry:’Radical Evolution’ by Joel Garreau.” HS13 GaIn Han. 2013. Web. 20 Mar. 2016.

 

Hermeneutics Class-Peer Review of your Blog Entry #1

Peer one: Do Hyun Lee

A1: I started it 2 years ago.

A2: I am doing the Rock, Go Set a Watchmen, and To Kill a Mockingbird.

A3: I plan to share basketball shoes with the world

A4: I have already started with my blog

A5: Yes, I plan to continue on.

 

Peer two: Mingi Lee

A1: The purpose is to spread the messages of our class to the world.

A2: I plan to share it with others.

A3: Yes, I can find the answers with the classes I am listening to.

A4: Yes, I love it.

A5: Of course, Mr. Johnson is awesome

Will Artificial Intelligence be able to achieve a core of morality?

This is my first post coming in to my senior year! I am so delighted to have Mr. Johnson as my English and Hermeneutics class teacher.
The topic for today is whether if artificial intelligence will develop to a state where it is comparable to the mind of a human and therefore carry on a core of morality.
My answer as of right now is no. The artifical intelligence I have faced up to this day only suffices the actions and movements of a person, but not the emotions. For instance, the fear when coming upon a bag of rats or cockroaches is some sort of emotion only humans will be able to feel. Machines can never feel the same way humans do.
However, in the future, I am not sure what can happen. Surely with time, technology will evolve, and such a thing could turn out to be possible. Anything can happen, but as of right now, I am stating that it is not possible.
-Huni